Ubushomeri buravuza ubuhuha mu banyeshuri barangije Kaminuza! Iki kibazo kizabazwa nde?
Mu Rwanda rw’iki gihe, ikibazo cy’ubushomeri gikomeje kuba ingorabahizi, by’umwihariko mu banyeshuri barangije amashuri ya kaminuza. Uko imyaka ishira indi igataha, niko umubare w’abarangiza kaminuza wiyongera, ariko ntibivuze ko ibyo bize ari nako bibagirira umumaro mu buzima busanzwe. Bamwe muri bo basoza Kaminuza bumva ari amahirwe akomeye mu buzima bwabo, bumva ko ibyo bize bigiye kubagirira umumaro hano hanze, batekereza ko Isi bayiteye igitego cy’umutwe, nyamara nyuma y’amezi cyangwa imyaka, bisanga batarabasha gutera intambwe n’imwe mu rugendo rw’iterambere. Iki si ikibazo kireba umuntu ku giti cye, ahubwo ni ikibazo kigenda gifata intera nini mu muryango nyarwanda.
Imibare yatangajwe n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ibarurishamibare (NISR) igaragaza ko ubushomeri mu rubyiruko buri hejuru cyane, ariko bumerera nabi kurushaho abarangije amashuri makuru. Nk’uko byagaragajwe mu bushakashatsi bwa Labour Force Survey mu 2023, ubushomeri mu banyeshuri barangije kaminuza bugera hafi kuri 35%, hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’abandi batagize amahirwe yo kurangiza kaminuza. Iyi mibare ishimangira ko nubwo kaminuza ari umusingi ukomeye w’iterambere, mu Rwanda hari icyuho gikomeye hagati y’uburezi buhabwa urubyiruko n’imirimo isanzwe iboneka ku isoko.
Muri iki kibazo, impamvu nyinshi zitangwa, abahanga ndetse n’impuguke mu burezi no ku isoko ry’umurimo bagaragaza ko hari icyuho kinini kiri hagati y’ibyo abanyeshuri bigishwa n’ibyo isoko ry’umurimo rikeneye. Amasomo atari ay’ubumenyingiro (Theories) aracyari menshi kurusha ay’ubumenyingiro, kandi ingamba zo guhugura abanyeshuri mbere yo gusohoka mu mashuri zikaba zikiri nke. Ikindi kandi, ibigo byinshi bikorera mu Rwanda ntibifite gahunda zihamye zo kwakira abanyeshuri mu myitozo ngiro mbere yo kurangiza, bikaba bituma habaho gusaba uburambe (experience) nyamara nta buryo buhari bwo kubwunguka. Uko niko usanga benshi mu barangije kaminuza batangira gusubira mu miryango yabo nta cyo bategereje, rimwe na rimwe bakanatandukana n’inzozi zabo.
Ku rundi ruhande, ubushobozi bucye bwo kwihangira imirimo nabwo buhungabanya icyizere cy’abarangije amashuri. Nubwo bamwe baba bafite ibitekerezo byiza by’imishinga, babura igishoro cyangwa ubufasha bw’ubumenyi buhagije ngo babishyire mu bikorwa. Hari n’abakora imishinga idafite ubushobozi buhagije bwo guhatana ku isoko rihanganye. Aha ni ho benshi bahitamo kwicara, bagategereza amahirwe ashobora kuboneka, abandi bagahitamo kwerekeza hanze y’igihugu cyangwa kwinjira mu bucuruzi butemewe n’amategeko nk’uko bimaze kugaragara mu mibare y’abashora mu buhahirane budafite umurongo uhamye.
Claudine Uwimana, wize imiyoborere mu ishuri rikuru ryigenga mu mujyi wa Kigali, aracyari mu rugo nyamara hashize imyaka ibiri arangije amasomo. Avuga ko yatangiye kwijandika mu by’ubuhanzi buciriritse kugira ngo yirwanaho, ariko n’ubwo abigerageza, atabona aho byamuganisha mu buzima burambye. Agira ati “Nize nifitiye icyizere, nizeye ko impamyabumenyi yanjye izahindura ubuzimabwange ndetse n’umuryango wange, ariko ubu nsigaye nifungira mu rugo kubera isoni zo kubura icyo nkora. Ntabwo nzi aho nagana kuko nta muntu unyereka icyerekezo,”
Ibibazo nk’ibi ni byinshi. Abarangije amashuri bakomeza kwiyongera, ariko imirimo ihari ntihura n’uwo mubare. Hari ikibazo gikomeye cy’uko ibigo byinshi bya Leta n’ibyigenga bifite imikorere itarashobora kwakira umubare munini w’abakozi bashya. Ibyinshi bibaho mu buryo bwo kongerera ubushobozi abakozi bahari aho guhanga imirimo mishya. Ibi bituma umusanzu w’abize udakoreshwa uko bikwiye, ugatakara ku isoko ry’umurimo, ndetse ugahinduka umutwaro aho kuba igisubizo.
Umusesenguzi mu mibereho y’urubyiruko, Theogene Nshimiyimana, avuga ko ikibazo cy’ubushomeri gishingiye ku muco n’imyumvire y’uburezi itarashyirwa ku murongo w’iterambere rihamye. Ku bwe, urubyiruko rwinshi rwigishwa kwiga kugira ngo rubone impamyabumenyi, aho kwiga kugira ngo rwigire. Ati: “Dufite ikibazo gikomeye cy’uko uburezi budaha umunyeshuri ubushobozi bwo kuba igisubizo we ubwe. Iyo umunyeshuri arangije agategereza Leta, ntabe igisubizo mu muryango we, tuba twarabaye ikibazo aho kuba igisubizo.”
Gusa Leta y’u Rwanda nayo ntabwo icecetse kuri iki kibazo. Hashyizweho gahunda zitandukanye zigamije guteza imbere urubyiruko, harimo gahunda ya “Kora Wigire”, aho urubyiruko rwigishwa kwihangira imirimo, ndetse n’iya YouthConnekt igamije guhuza urubyiruko n’amahirwe yo kwihugura no kubona imishinga. Hashyizweho kandi ingengo y’imari ifasha abashaka gutangiza imishinga binyuze muri BDF (Business Development Fund), ariko ibi byose ntibiragera kuri benshi mu banyeshuri barangije amashuri.
N’ubwo izi gahunda zibaho, usanga ikibazo kiri no mu iyumvisha ryazo. Bamwe mu rubyiruko ntibaramenya neza uko bazigeraho, abandi bakazifata nk’amahuriro adatanga ibisubizo bifatika. Ibi bigaragaza ko hakenewe ubukangurambaga bushingiye ku gutanga amakuru asobanutse, kongera icyizere cy’abaturage ku buryo bw’imikorere y’izo gahunda, no kuzihuza n’amasomo abanyeshuri bigishwa kuva ku rwego rwo hasi.
Ni ibihe bisubizo bishoboka byakwitabwaho kugira ngo iki kibazo kigabanuke?
Dore ibisubizo bishoboka ku kibazo cy’ubushomeri mu banyeshuri barangije kaminuza mu Rwanda, hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi, ibitekerezo by’inzobere n’ibikorwa bigaragara ku rwego rw’igihugu ndetse n’urwego mpuzamahanga:
1. Guhindura integanyanyigisho hakongerwamo ubumenyingiro (practical skills)
Kaminuza n’amashuri makuru zigomba gutanga amasomo yita ku bushobozi bwo gukemura ibibazo biri mu buzima busanzwe, aho kwibanda gusa ku by’amagambo (theories). Ibi byatuma abanyeshuri barangiza bafite ubumenyi bubafasha guhangana n’ibibazo by’umurimo no kwihangira imirimo. Ubumenyi nk’ubwa ICT, gucunga imishinga, imenyekanishabikorwa, no guhanga udushya bigomba guhabwa umwanya uhagije.
2. Gukomeza kunoza imikoranire hagati ya kaminuza n’urwego rw’abikorera
Kaminuza zigomba kwegera ibigo by’abikorera, bigakorana mu gutegura amasomo ahura n’ibyo isoko rikeneye (demand-driven curriculum). Ibi byajyana no gushyiraho gahunda z’imenyerezamwuga zihamye kandi ziteguye neza, ku buryo abanyeshuri babona ubumenyi bwo ku kazi mbere yo kurangiza.
3. Gushyiraho ikigega cyihariye ku rubyiruko rwize kaminuza rufite imishinga
Binyuze mu kigo nk’icya BDF cyangwa izindi gahunda za Leta, hashyirwaho uburyo bwihariye bwo gufasha abarangije kaminuza bafite ibitekerezo byiza by’imishinga binyuze mu mutungo bifashisha batangira (start-up capital), amahugurwa, n’ubujyanama (coaching and incubation). Aha, haba n’icyizere cyo guhanga imirimo kuri bo no ku bandi.
4. Kongera ubukangurambaga kuri gahunda zihari
Gahunda za Leta nka YouthConnekt, Kora Wigire, Hanga Umurimo, n’izindi zifasha urubyiruko, ntizimenyerewe na benshi. Hakenewe ubukangurambaga buhamye bukozwe binyuze mu mashuri, imbuga nkoranyambaga, utugari n’uturere kugira ngo urubyiruko rurusheho gusobanukirwa no kuzigeraho.
5. Gutangiza gahunda yo gushyira ku murongo abarimu n’abayobozi b’amashuri makuru
Leta ishobora gutegura gahunda yo kongera ubushobozi ku barimu mu mashuri makuru no kubafasha kuvugurura imyigishirize, bagaharanira ko ibyo bigisha bifite aho bihuriye n’imibereho y’abo bigisha. Gahunda nk’iyi yakorwa mu bufatanye n’abikorera n’ibigo mpuzamahanga.
6. Gukangurira abanyeshuri guhanga udushya hakiri kare
Muri gahunda z’amashuri makuru, hashyirwamo amarushanwa y’ibitekerezo byo guhanga udushya (innovation challenges), amarerero y’ubucuruzi (business incubation centers), n’amasomo ashingiye ku mishinga, kugira ngo abanyeshuri batangira gutekereza nk’abashoramari cyangwa abakemura ibibazo aho kuba abashaka akazi gusa.
7. Guhuza urubyiruko n’amahirwe yo kwiga ubumenyingiro nyuma ya kaminuza
Abarangije kaminuza bashobora gufashwa kwinjira mu mashuri y’ubumenyingiro (TVET) mu gihe bashaka kongera ubushobozi bwo gukora. Ibi byafasha kubona imirimo ishingiye ku bumenyi bukenewe cyane ku isoko, nka tekiniki, ububaji, gukora ibikoresho, ikoranabuhanga n’ibindi.
8. Gushyiraho politiki ihamye yo guha abarangije akazi kabafasha kwiyungura uburambe (graduate placement)
Ibihugu byinshi bifite gahunda za Leta zo gufasha abarangije kwiga kubona amahirwe yo gukora akazi kabafasha kwiyungura uburambe mu gihe runaka (1-2 years), bakishyurirwa amafaranga y’ingoboka. Ibi byabafasha kumenyekana ku isoko ry’umurimo no kongera amahirwe yo guhabwa akazi gahoraho.
Iki kibazo gikeneye kwitabwaho byihariye, kuko ari ikibazo kireba ejo hazaza h’igihugu. Iyo urubyiruko rwigishijwe ntirukoreshwe, igihugu kiba gitakaje umutungo mwinshi mu burezi udahindutse inyungu. Ikibazo cy’ubushomeri si icy’abarangije kaminuza gusa, ni ikibazo cy’ubukungu, ni ikibazo cy’iterambere, kandi ni ikibazo cy’umutekano. Kugikemura bisaba ko buri rwego rwiyemeza guhindura uburyo rwari rumenyereye, rukumva ko impinduka mu myigire n’imyigishirize ari yo soko y’ahazaza harambye.
