Ireme ry’uburezi mu Rwanda rikomeje gusubira inyuma: Abanyeshuri barangiza amashuri batagira ubumenyi, ni nde ubibazwa?
Mu Rwanda, ijambo “yarize” cyangwa “yarangije amashuri” ryatakaje agaciro. Abanyeshuri barangiza amashuri yisumbuye na kaminuza ntibagifite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ibyo bize mu buzima busanzwe cyangwa ku isoko ry’umurimo. Abakoresha barinubira urwego rw’ubumenyi ruri hasi, abarimu bavuga ko inzego zibayobora zidaha agaciro imyigishirize, abanyeshuri bo bakavuga ko biga ibintu batumva cyangwa badashobora gukoresha, ndetse n’abayobozi b’amashuri bamwe bemera ko hari icyuho mu myigishirize. Ubu ni ikibazo gikomeye gihangayikishije igihugu kigamije kwihuta mu iterambere rishingiye ku bumenyi.
Mu Rwanda, igihugu gifite icyerekezo cyo guteza imbere ubukungu bushingiye ku bumenyi, haragenda hagaragara ikibazo gikomeye cyugarije ireme ry’uburezi. Uko imyaka ishira indi igataha, imibare y’abanyeshuri barangiza amashuri iriyongera, ariko ubushobozi bwabo bwo gukoresha ibyo bize buracyari hasi cyane. Hari impungenge zigaragazwa n’abarezi, abanyeshuri, ababyeyi ndetse n’abayobozi b’inzego z’uburezi ko abana barangiza amashuri yisumbuye na kaminuza bafite impamyabumenyi, ariko badashoboye kwikemurira ibibazo by’ubuzima cyangwa kwitwara neza ku isoko ry’umurimo.
Ni ikibazo cyugarije sosiyete nyarwanda yose, cyugarije ejo hazaza h’igihugu. Ese ikibazo gituruka he? Kuki ireme ry’uburezi rikomeje gusubira inyuma? Ese amahugurwa y’abarimu, ibikoresho, n’uburyo bw’imyigishirize birahagije?
Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ibarurishamibare (NISR) ku bufatanye na MINEDUC mu mwaka wa 2022, byagaragaye ko abanyeshuri bagera kuri 64% barangije amashuri yisumbuye badashobora kwandika ibaruwa isaba akazi mu rurimi rw’icyongereza cyangwa urw’ikinyarwanda mu buryo bwemewe. Muri aba, abarenga 70% ntibashobora gukora umushinga muto ugaragaza ubumenyi bwabo, nko gukora ubushakashatsi, gukora raporo y’ibikorwa, cyangwa kuganira neza mu ruhame.
Ubushakashatsi bundi bwakozwe na Tertiary Education Council mu 2023, bwagaragaje ko abanyeshuri basaga 57% barangiza kaminuza mu Rwanda batabasha gukoresha ibyo bize mu kazi cyangwa mu guhanga udushya twishingiye ku bumenyi. Ibi bituma hari icyuho kinini hagati y’amasomo atangwa mu mashuri n’ubushobozi bukenewe ku isoko ry’umurimo.
Muri aba, abarenga 70% ntibashobora gukora umushinga muto ugaragaza ubumenyi bwabo, nko gukora ubushakashatsi, gukora raporo y’ibikorwa, cyangwa kuganira neza mu ruhame.
Ubushakashatsi bundi bwakozwe na Tertiary Education Council mu 2023, bwagaragaje ko abanyeshuri basaga 57% barangiza kaminuza mu Rwanda batabasha gukoresha ibyo bize mu kazi cyangwa mu guhanga udushya bushingiye ku bumenyi. Ibi bituma hari icyuho kinini hagati y’amasomo atangwa mu mashuri n’ubushobozi bukenewe ku isoko ry’umurimo.
Mu mashuri makuru na za kaminuza, ikibazo kirushaho gukomera. Umwarimu wigisha muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, ishami rya Huye, yagize ati: “Hari abanyeshuri barangiza bafite amanota meza, ariko batagira ubushobozi bwo gutekereza ku gitekerezo gishya. Ugasanga yarize Itumanaho (Communication) ariko adashobora kwandika itangazo ry’itangazamakuru (Press release) ryujuje ibisabwa, cyangwa ngo akore itegurwa rya gahunda y’itangazamakuru.”
Aline, wize muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, ishami ry’Itumanaho (Communication), avuga ko amasomo yize adahuye n’ukuri kw’isoko ry’umurimo. Agira ati “Twize byinshi birimo amategeko y’itangazamakuru, ariko ntitwigeze twiga uburyo bwo gutegura ibiganiro cyangwa gukora podcast. None nsaba akazi nkatinya no kuganira kuri telefoni.”
Nyirampinga Claudine, wize mu ishami rya Accounting mu kigo giherereye mu Karere ka Nyanza. Ati:“Twize imikoreshereze ya Excel, ariko kugeza n’ubu sinabasha gukora ifishi y’imibare mu buryo bwikora (automated). Ibyo twize twabifashe nk’indirimbo. Twagombaga kumenya gukoresha inzira za bugufi (shortcuts), macros, ariko byose byabaye amagambo.”
Kwizera Patrick, wize mu ishami ry’indimi n’ubuvanganzo, aho yize indimi zirimo Igifaransa, Icyongereza ndetse n’ikinyarwanda (LFK), agira ati” Nize indirimi mu mashuri y’isumbuye, niga indimi zirimo igifaransa, ariko ntakubeshye ntabwo nshobora na gato kuvugana n’umuntu mu rurimi rw’igifaransa iminota irenga 10 ntategwa kuko ntabwo nkizi neza. Icyongereza nacyo ni ugupfundikanya”.
Mwalimu Jean Claude, wigisha muri imwe mu mashuri yisumbuye ya Leta i Rwamagana, avuga ko ikibazo kiri ku nzego nyinshi:
Agira ati” “Turigisha amasomo yihariye ariko bamwe muri twe ntitwayize neza. Nta mahugurwa duhabwa ku bijyanye no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga cyangwa uburyo bushya bwo kwigisha. Hari igihe umwarimu ajya imbere y’abanyeshuri agasoma mu gitabo, akarangiza atabashije no kubasobanurira.”
Umuyobozi w’ishuri ryisumbuye mu Karere ka Karongi avuga ko kugira integanyanyigisho nziza bitavuze ireme ry’uburezi. “Dufite integanyanyigisho nshya (CBC), ariko dufite ibura ry’ibikoresho byo kuyishyira mu bikorwa. Niba abana biga amasomo y’ubumenyi ngiro ariko nta bikoresho bafite, ni iki tuzageraho?”
Minisitiri w’Uburezi, Dr. Gaspard Twagirayezu, mu nama ngarukamwaka y’ireme ry’uburezi yabaye muri Gashyantare 2024, yemeye ko ikibazo gihari:
“Abanyeshuri benshi barangiza amashuri ariko badafite ubumenyi. Intego yacu ni ukongera ubushobozi bw’abarezi, gukomeza gutanga amahugurwa no kugenzura uburezi buhabwa abanyeshuri.”
Yongeyeho ko hatangiye gahunda nshya yo kuganiriza abarezi mu bigo byose no gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugenzura imikoreshereze y’integanyanyigisho nshya mu mashuri yose ya Leta n’ayigenga.
Ni izihe mpamvu ziri gutuma ireme ry’uburezi rusubira inyuma?
1. Imyigishirize ishingiye ku gutsinda, aho kuba ku kumenya
Mu mashuri menshi, intego ya mbere ni uko abanyeshuri batsinda ibizamini, aho kuba kugira ubumenyi bwimbitse. Abanyeshuri bashyirwa mu bintu byo kwiga kugira ngo batsinde gusa, aho kwiga ngo basobanukirwe. Ibi bituma iyo barangije, nta bushobozi bafite bwo gutekereza no gukemura ibibazo bifatika.
2. Kudaha agaciro ibikorwa ngiro
Muri TVET n’amashuri y’imyuga, hari ibura rikabije ry’ibikoresho. Abanyeshuri biga gukora imodoka ntibagira moteri, abiga amashanyarazi ntibagira ibikoresho byo gukoresha, abiga ubukorikori ntibagerwaho n’ibikoresho. Ibi bituma basohoka bafite impamyabumenyi ariko badafite ubushobozi bwo kwihangira imirimo cyangwa gukora akazi.
3. Abarimu badahagije kandi badafite ubushobozi bujyanye n’igihe
Abarimu benshi bigisha amasomo batize cyangwa badafite ubumenyi bujyanye n’igihe. Amahugurwa y’igihe gito ntabwo ahagije, kandi abarimu ntibahabwa ibikoresho byo kwifashisha mu gutanga amasomo meza.
4. Kudasobanukirwa n’integanyanyigisho nshya (CBC)
Nubwo CBC yashyizweho mu rwego rwo kuvugurura imyigishirize, abarimu benshi ntibayisobanukiwe. Umwe mu bayobozi b’amashuri mu Karere ka Nyagatare yagize ati: “Integanyanyigisho ni nziza, ariko ni amagambo gusa ku mpapuro. Uwo muyobozi wo hejuru abona ko amashuri yacu yageze ku rwego rwo hejuru, ariko twe tubamo tubona ko abana biga ibitari ngombwa cyangwa batabisobanukiwe.”
Ni izihe ngaruka zabyo?
– Ubushomeri buhoraho mu rubyiruko: Abana barangiza amashuri ariko badafite ubushobozi bwo gukora akazi cyangwa kwihangira imirimo. Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubushakashatsi (NISR) cyerekanye ko ubushomeri mu rubyiruko buri ku gipimo cya 20.5%, ahanini kubera uburezi budatanga ubushobozi.
– Kwishora mu ngeso mbi n’ubukene burambye: Umwana wize ariko adafite icyo ashoboye gukora, ahora asaba, aba umutwaro ku muryango, akageraho akishora mu bikorwa bibi nk’ubujura, ibiyobyabwenge, cyangwa ubusambanyi.
– Icyuho kinini hagati y’abize mu mashuri y’igenga n’aya Leta: Abiga mu mashuri y’abakire usanga bahawe ubumenyi bwisumbuyeho, bigatuma ku isoko ry’umurimo habaho guhezwa kw’abanyeshuri bo mu mashuri ya Leta, byongera ubusumbane n’ubukene.
Ibibazo by’ireme ry’uburezi ntibishobora gukemurwa n’imibare gusa, cyangwa amagambo meza mu nama. Bigomba gukemurwa binyuze mu gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemezo bifatika: guha abarimu amahugurwa arambye, gukemura ibibazo by’ibikoresho, kunoza igenzura ry’amashuri, no gushyira imbere inyigisho zishingiye ku bushobozi aho kuba ku makayi.
Umunyeshuri urangije amashuri akwiye gusohoka afite ubushobozi bwo gutekereza, gukora no kwihangira umurimo. Iyo bitabaye ibyo, impamyabumenyi iba igizwe n’impapuro zitagira agaciro.
Uburezi bufite ireme ni bwo shingiro ry’iterambere rirambye. Iyo igihugu gifite abanyeshuri bize ariko badafite ubushobozi bwo gutanga ibisubizo ku bibazo byacyo, kiba cyarataye icyerekezo.
